Define or Definition
Foundation engineering applies the knowledge of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, geology, and structural engineering to the design.
Q. 1Define and Geotechnical problem
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Q. 2Geologist type of soil
On geological basis, soil can be classified into two groups.
- Residual soils
- Transported soils
Residual Soils
Soil which remain at a place their formation are called residual soils. If the rate of rock decompose exceeds the rate of removal of the product of disjunction soils results. The thickness of residual soils depend upon the climate, time and type of source rocks.
Transported soils
Transported soil are soil which is carried away from their place of famation to some other place by transportating agencies. Transporting agencies may be glaciers, water, wind or gravity. These transporting agencies either act singly or in combination.
Q. 3What is soil civil engineering?
And: In civil engineering literature, a soil or soil deposit may be defined
Q. 4 What is soil in geotechnical engineering?
In geotechnical engineering, soils are considered a three-phase material composed of: rock or mineral particles, water and air.
The voids of a soil, the spaces in between mineral particles, contain the water and air.
Q. 5What is the difference between Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering?
Soil mechanics mainly deals with Soil microstructure and its property. Foundation engineering related to design of foundation and pressure distribution deals with engineering properties of soil.
Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials.
Q.6 What are the 3 types of soil?
There are three basic types of soil: sand, silt and clay. But, most soils are composed of a combination of the different types.
Q.7What are Soil and rock?
Rocks are made of one or more minerals. There are three main types of rock, based on the way the rock was formed: sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous. Soil is formed of fine rock particles mixed with air, water and particles from dead plant and animal matter.
Q. 8Importance of soil mechanics and Foundation Engineering
Soil mechanics look at the physical properties of soil. Specifically, they are looking at how a soil's properties may affect strength, drainage, and stability. This is the basis for all geotechnical engineering. These properties are important when it comes to foundations
Q. 9Which foundation is used in black cotton soil?
Under reamed pile is most suitable type
foundation for black cotton soil.it provides more stability to the structure and the ball present in the under reamed pile installed below the critical depth means below the moisture movement area which helps the structure to mentain its load bearing capacity.
Q. 10 What are some methods to improve the bearing capacity of soil?
The following techniques can be used for improving bearing capacity of soil as per the site condition.
- Increasing depth of foundation
- Draining the soil
- Compacting the soil
- Confining the soil
- Replacing the poor soil
- Using grouting material
- Stabilizing the soil with chemicals
1. INCREASING DEPTH OF FOUNDATION
At deeper depths, the over burden pressure on soil is higher; hence the soil is more compacted at deeper depth.
As a result it shows higher bearing capacity. This is applicable only for cohesionless soils such as sandy and gravelly soils.
This method of improving bearing capacity of soil is not applicable if the subsoil material grows wetter as depth increase.
This method has a limited use because with increase in depth, the weight and cost of foundation also increases.
2. DRAINING THE SOIL
With increase in percentage of water content in soil, the bearing capacity decreases. In case of sandy soil, the bearing capacity may reduce as much as 50% due to presence of water content.
Cohesionless soils (i.e. sandy & gravelly soils) can be drained by laying the porous pipes to a gentle slope, over a bed of sand and filling the trenches above the pipes with loose boulders.
These trenches subsequently should lead to the nearest well or any water body.
3. COMPACTING THE SOIL
If we compact soil using appropriate method, then there will be increase in its density and shear strength. As a result the bearing capacity of soil also increases. There are many methods of compacting soils on site. Few of them are mentioned below.
By spreading broken stones, gravel or sand and thereafter ramming well in the bed of trenches.
Using an appropriate roller as per the soil type to move at a specified speed.
Br driving concrete piles or wood piles and withdrawing piles and subsequently filling the holes with sand or concrete.
4. CONFINING THE SOIL
In this method, the soils are enclosed with the help of sheet piles. This confined soil is further compacted to get more strength. This method is applicable for shallow foundations.
5. REPLACING THE POOR SOIL
In this method the poor soil is first removed and then the gap is filled up by superior material such as sand, stone, gravel or any other hard material. In order to do this, first excavate a foundation trench of about 1.5 m deep, and then fill the hard material is stages of 30 cm. Then compact the hard material at every stage. This method is useful for foundations in black cotton soils.
6. USING GROUTING MATERIAL
This method is applicable for soils where there is presence of pores, fissures or cracks etc underneath the foundation. In this method, poor soil bearing strata is hardened by injecting the cement grout under pressure, because it scales off any cracks or pores or fissures etc. For proper distribution of the cement grout, the ground is bored and perforated pipes are introduced to force the grout.
7. STABILIZING THE SOIL WITH CHEMICALS
This method of improving bearing capacity of soil is costly and applied in exceptional cases. In this method, chemical solutions, like silicates of soda and calcium chloride is injected with pressure into the soil. These chemical along with the soil particles form a gel like structure and develop a compact mass.This is called chemical stabilization of soil and used to give additional strength to soft soils at deeper depths.
Q. 11What is a floating foundation?
Footings can be of the following types.
A floating foundation is a type of foundation constructed by excavating the soil in such a way that the weight of structure built on the soil is nearly equal to the total weight of the soil excavated from the ground including the weight water in the soil before the construction of structure.
Q. 12What are the different types of footing?
Footings can be of the following types.
- Spread or isolated or pad footing.
- Strap footing.
- Combined footing.
- Strip or continuous footing.
- Mat or raft footing.
Q. 13What is the basic knowledge of a civil engineer?
In a nutshell, the practical things a civil engineering student must know are: Lab and field tests of building materials. Basic knowledge of soils and their properties. Methods of force, displacement and moment calculation.
Q. 14What is Soil Mechanics civil engineering?
Soil mechanics includes the study of soil composition, strength, consolidation, and the use of hydraulic principles to deal with issues concerning sediments and other deposits. Soil mechanics is one of the major sciences for resolving problems related to geology and geophysical engineering.
